How eDNA is helping tackle sustainability challenges

Environmental DNA (eDNA) is revolutionising the way we address biodiversity loss and sustainability challenges. This innovative approach involves collecting genetic material from environmental samples such as soil, water and air. For example, when a fish moves through water it sheds bits of itself, such as dead skin cells, mucus and faeces. By taking a water sample, researchers can detect these DNA fragments, indicating the presence of fish even if no fish are visible. This method allows researchers to build a far more detailed understanding of the species that live in, or have lived in, an environment than would be possible through visual observation. 

At the forefront of eDNA research is Curtin University’s Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab. Here, a team of academics are developing and applying eDNA techniques to tackle pressing ecological issues through their eDNA for Global Environmental Studies (eDGES) Program. Located in the School of Molecular and Life Sciences, the TrEnD Lab specialises in isolating and characterising trace and environmental DNA. This expertise allows them to investigate critical biological issues, such as identifying current and past species presence and understanding historical ecological changes.  

So how does it work? A sample is taken from the environment, such as water. The DNA is recovered and amplified before being entered into an international database as a sequence in the form of a barcode. Each organism has its own unique DNA sequence or barcode which means species can be easily detected by comparing the DNA samples with the database. 

Barcoding can be used for four main reasons: 

1. Cataloguing of species to monitor overtime. 

2. Targeted monitoring of a particular species if they are threatened/protected or invasive. 

3. Estimating the relative abundance of a species in a given environment. 

4. Understanding diets of animals. 

eDNA barcoding offers numerous benefits including longevity, potential for automation to streamline processes, high accuracy in species identification, reduced effort and cost effectiveness, minimal ecosystem disturbance and applicability in areas where traditional surveys are not feasible. eDNA barcoding promises to be a complementary alternative to existing methods for environmental surveys, enabling researchers, government and industries to make informed choices around conservation, environmental impact assessment and more. 

Since commencing in 2020, thanks to the generous support of BHP, the eDGES Program has focused on creating practical biomonitoring tools that help manage and conserve biodiversity. The initial phases of the eDGES Program launched with six projects, each aimed at understanding ecological and evolutionary changes across diverse landscapes. These projects have spanned terrestrial, subterranean, wetland and marine environments, driving innovations in biomonitoring and developing new metabarcoding assays to detect invasive species.  

The eDGES Program has significantly advanced eDNA techniques, generating new scientific knowledge about evolution, distribution and threats to biodiversity. Projects like the eDNA monitoring and conservation of the Pilbara Olive Python, will help enhance important conservation efforts for the endangered species. 

By transforming emerging research into practical tools, the eDGES Program has not only improved public wellbeing but has also provided new insights for sustainable management by industry and government departments. The Program has already achieved remarkable success, including the discovery of previously undescribed species of oysters in the remote areas of the Pilbara region, the successful application of the first eDNA multi-assay approach and improved detection of invasive marine species. These achievements have secured the continuation of the program, for another four years with an additional three projects planned. 

With the continuation of the Program, the eDGES team can make even greater strides in biodiversity conservation and sustainability. The work of the TrEnD Lab’s is just beginning, and the future looks promising. Through continued innovation and application of eDNA techniques, we can look forward to significant advancements in understanding and protecting our planet’s biodiversity. 

To find out more about the TrEnD Lab and the eDGES Program click here.